5. Handling Equipment¶
In Knave, you have a certain number of inventory “slots”. The amount of slots is given by CON + 10. All items (except coins) have a size, indicating how many slots it uses. You can’t carry more items than you have slot-space for. Also items wielded or worn count towards the slots.
We still need to track what the character is using however: What weapon they have readied affects the damage they can do. The shield, helmet and armor they use affects their defense.
We have already set up the possible ‘wear/wield locations’ when we defined our Objects
in the previous lesson. This is what we have in enums.py:
# mygame/evadventure/enums.py
# ...
class WieldLocation(Enum):
BACKPACK = "backpack"
WEAPON_HAND = "weapon_hand"
SHIELD_HAND = "shield_hand"
TWO_HANDS = "two_handed_weapons"
BODY = "body" # armor
HEAD = "head" # helmets
Basically, all the weapon/armor locations are exclusive - you can only have one item in each (or none). The BACKPACK is special - it contains any number of items (up to the maximum slot usage).
5.1. EquipmentHandler that saves¶
Create a new module
mygame/evadventure/equipment.py.
In default Evennia, everything you pick up will end up “inside” your character object (that is, have you as its .location). This is called your inventory and has no limit. We will keep ‘moving items into us’ when we pick them up, but we will add more functionality using an Equipment handler.
A handler is (for our purposes) an object that sits “on” another entity, containing functionality for doing one specific thing (managing equipment, in our case).
This is the start of our handler:
# in mygame/evadventure/equipment.py
from .enums import WieldLocation
class EquipmentHandler:
save_attribute = "inventory_slots"
def __init__(self, obj):
# here obj is the character we store the handler on
self.obj = obj
self._load()
def _load(self):
"""Load our data from an Attribute on `self.obj`"""
self.slots = self.obj.attributes.get(
self.save_attribute,
category="inventory",
default={
WieldLocation.WEAPON_HAND: None,
WieldLocation.SHIELD_HAND: None,
WieldLocation.TWO_HANDS: None,
WieldLocation.BODY: None,
WieldLocation.HEAD: None,
WieldLocation.BACKPACK: []
}
)
def _save(self):
"""Save our data back to the same Attribute"""
self.obj.attributes.add(self.save_attribute, self.slots, category="inventory")
This is a compact and functional little handler. Before analyzing how it works, this is how we will add it to the Character:
# mygame/evadventure/characters.py
# ...
from evennia.utils.utils import lazy_property
from .equipment import EquipmentHandler
# ...
class EvAdventureCharacter(LivingMixin, DefaultCharacter):
# ...
@lazy_property
def equipment(self):
return EquipmentHandler(self)
After reloading the server, the equipment-handler will now be accessible on character-instances as
character.equipment
The @lazy_property works such that it will not load the handler until someone actually tries to fetch it with character.equipment. When that happens, we start up the handler and feed it self (the Character instance itself). This is what enters __init__ as .obj in the EquipmentHandler code above.
So we now have a handler on the character, and the handler has a back-reference to the character it sits on.
Since the handler itself is just a regular Python object, we need to use the Character to store
our data - our Knave “slots”. We must save them to the database, because we want the server to remember them even after reloading.
Using self.obj.attributes.add() and .get() we save the data to the Character in a specially named Attribute. Since we use a category, we are unlikely to collide with
other Attributes.
Our storage structure is a dict with keys after our available WieldLocation enums. Each can only have one item except WieldLocation.BACKPACK, which is a list.
5.2. Connecting the EquipmentHandler¶
Whenever an object leaves from one location to the next, Evennia will call a set of hooks (methods) on the object that moves, on the source-location and on its destination. This is the same for all moving things - whether it’s a character moving between rooms or an item being dropping from your hand to the ground.
We need to tie our new EquipmentHandler into this system. By reading the doc page on Objects, or looking at the DefaultObject.move_to docstring, we’ll find out what hooks Evennia will call. Here self is the object being moved from source_location to destination:
self.at_pre_move(destination)(abort if return False)source_location.at_pre_object_leave(self, destination)(abort if return False)destination.at_pre_object_receive(self, source_location)(abort if return False)source_location.at_object_leave(self, destination)self.announce_move_from(destination)(move happens here)
self.announce_move_to(source_location)destination.at_object_receive(self, source_location)self.at_post_move(source_location)
All of these hooks can be overridden to customize movement behavior. In this case we are interested in controlling how items ‘enter’ and ‘leave’ our character - being ‘inside’ the character is the same as them ‘carrying’ it. We have three good hook-candidates to use for this.
.at_pre_object_receive- used to check if you can actually pick something up, or if your equipment-store is full..at_object_receive- used to add the item to the equipmenthandler.at_object_leave- used to remove the item from the equipmenthandler
You could also picture using .at_pre_object_leave to restrict dropping (cursed?) items, but
we will skip that for this tutorial.
# mygame/evadventure/character.py
# ...
class EvAdventureCharacter(LivingMixin, DefaultCharacter):
# ...
def at_pre_object_receive(self, moved_object, source_location, **kwargs):
"""Called by Evennia before object arrives 'in' this character (that is,
if they pick up something). If it returns False, move is aborted.
"""
return self.equipment.validate_slot_usage(moved_object)
def at_object_receive(self, moved_object, source_location, **kwargs):
"""
Called by Evennia when an object arrives 'in' the character.
"""
self.equipment.add(moved_object)
def at_object_leave(self, moved_object, destination, **kwargs):
"""
Called by Evennia when object leaves the Character.
"""
self.equipment.remove(moved_object)
Above we have assumed the EquipmentHandler (.equipment) has methods .validate_slot_usage, .add and .remove. But we haven’t actually added them yet - we just put some reasonable names! Before we can use this, we need to go actually adding those methods.
When you do things like create/drop monster:NPC, the npc will briefly be in your inventory before being dropped on the ground. Since an NPC is not a valid thing to equip, the EquipmentHandler will complain with an EquipmentError (we define this see below). So we need to
5.3. Expanding the Equipmenthandler¶
5.4. .validate_slot_usage¶
Let’s start with implementing the first method we came up with above, validate_slot_usage:
# mygame/evadventure/equipment.py
from .enums import WieldLocation, Ability
class EquipmentError(TypeError):
"""All types of equipment-errors"""
pass
class EquipmentHandler:
# ...
@property
def max_slots(self):
"""Max amount of slots, based on CON defense (CON + 10)"""
return getattr(self.obj, Ability.CON.value, 1) + 10
def count_slots(self):
"""Count current slot usage"""
slots = self.slots
wield_usage = sum(
getattr(slotobj, "size", 0) or 0
for slot, slotobj in slots.items()
if slot is not WieldLocation.BACKPACK
)
backpack_usage = sum(
getattr(slotobj, "size", 0) or 0 for slotobj in slots[WieldLocation.BACKPACK]
)
return wield_usage + backpack_usage
def validate_slot_usage(self, obj):
"""
Check if obj can fit in equipment, based on its size.
"""
if not inherits_from(obj, EvAdventureObject):
# in case we mix with non-evadventure objects
raise EquipmentError(f"{obj.key} is not something that can be equipped.")
size = obj.size
max_slots = self.max_slots
current_slot_usage = self.count_slots()
return current_slot_usage + size <= max_slots
We add two helpers - the max_slots property and count_slots, a method that calculate the current slots being in use. Let’s figure out how they work.
5.4.1. .max_slots¶
For max_slots, remember that .obj on the handler is a back-reference to the EvAdventureCharacter we put this handler on. getattr is a Python method for retrieving a named property on an object. The Enum Ability.CON.value is the string Constitution (check out the first Utility and Enums tutorial if you don’t recall).
So to be clear,
getattr(self.obj, Ability.CON.value) + 10
is the same as writing
getattr(your_character, "Constitution") + 10
which is the same as doing something like this:
your_character.Constitution + 10
In our code we write getattr(self.obj, Ability.CON.value, 1) - that extra 1 means that if there should happen to not be a property “Constitution” on self.obj, we should not error out but just return 1.
5.4.2. .count_slots¶
In this helper we use two Python tools - the sum() function and a list comprehension. The former simply adds the values of any iterable together. The latter is a more efficient way to create a list:
new_list = [item for item in some_iterable if condition]
all_above_5 = [num for num in range(10) if num > 5] # [6, 7, 8, 9]
all_below_5 = [num for num in range(10) if num < 5] # [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
To make it easier to understand, try reading the last line above as “for every number in the range 0-9, pick all with a value below 5 and make a list of them”. You can also embed such comprehensions directly in a function call like sum() without using [] around it.
In count_slots we have this code:
wield_usage = sum(
getattr(slotobj, "size", 0)
for slot, slotobj in slots.items()
if slot is not WieldLocation.BACKPACK
)
We should be able to follow all except slots.items(). Since slots is a dict, we can use .items() to get a sequence of (key, value) pairs. We store these in slot and slotobj. So the above can be understood as “for every slot and slotobj-pair in slots, check which slot location it is. If it is not in the backpack, get its size and add it to the list. Sum over all these
sizes”.
A less compact but maybe more readonable way to write this would be:
backpack_item_sizes = []
for slot, slotobj in slots.items():
if slot is not WieldLocation.BACKPACK:
size = getattr(slotobj, "size", 0)
backpack_item_sizes.append(size)
wield_usage = sum(backpack_item_sizes)
The same is done for the items actually in the BACKPACK slot. The total sizes are added together.
5.4.3. Validating slots¶
With these helpers in place, validate_slot_usage now becomes simple. We use max_slots to see how much we can carry. We then get how many slots we are already using (with count_slots) and see if our new obj’s size would be too much for us.
5.5. .add and .remove¶
We will make it so .add puts something in the BACKPACK location and remove drops it, wherever it is (even if it was in your hands).
# mygame/evadventure/equipment.py
from .enums import WieldLocation, Ability
# ...
class EquipmentHandler:
# ...
def add(self, obj):
"""
Put something in the backpack.
"""
if self.validate_slot_usage(obj):
self.slots[WieldLocation.BACKPACK].append(obj)
self._save()
def remove(self, obj_or_slot):
"""
Remove specific object or objects from a slot.
Returns a list of 0, 1 or more objects removed from inventory.
"""
slots = self.slots
ret = []
if isinstance(obj_or_slot, WieldLocation):
# a slot; if this fails, obj_or_slot must be obj
if obj_or_slot is WieldLocation.BACKPACK:
# empty entire backpack
ret.extend(slots[obj_or_slot])
slots[obj_or_slot] = []
else:
ret.append(slots[obj_or_slot])
slots[obj_or_slot] = None
elif obj_or_slot in self.slots.values():
# obj in use/wear slot
for slot, objslot in slots.items():
if objslot is obj_or_slot:
slots[slot] = None
ret.append(objslot)
elif obj_or_slot in slots[WieldLocation.BACKPACK]: # obj in backpack slot
try:
slots[WieldLocation.BACKPACK].remove(obj_or_slot)
ret.append(obj_or_slot)
except ValueError:
pass
if ret:
self._save()
return ret
In .add, we make use of validate_slot_usage to
double-check we can actually fit the thing, then we add the item to the backpack.
In .remove, we allow emptying both by WieldLocation or by explicitly saying which object to remove. Note that the first if statement checks if obj_or_slot is a slot. So if that fails then code in the other elif can safely assume that it must instead be an object!
Any removed objects are returned. If we gave BACKPACK as the slot, we empty the backpack and return all items inside it.
Whenever we change the equipment loadout we must make sure to ._save() the result, or it will be lost after a server reload.
5.6. Moving things around¶
With the help of .remove() and .add() we can get things in and out of the BACKPACK equipment location. We also need to grab stuff from the backpack and wield or wear it. We add a .move method on the EquipmentHandler to do this:
# mygame/evadventure/equipment.py
from .enums import WieldLocation, Ability
# ...
class EquipmentHandler:
# ...
def move(self, obj):
"""Move object from backpack to its intended `inventory_use_slot`."""
# make sure to remove from equipment/backpack first, to avoid double-adding
self.remove(obj)
if not self.validate_slot_usage(obj):
return
slots = self.slots
use_slot = getattr(obj, "inventory_use_slot", WieldLocation.BACKPACK)
to_backpack = []
if use_slot is WieldLocation.TWO_HANDS:
# two-handed weapons can't co-exist with weapon/shield-hand used items
to_backpack = [slots[WieldLocation.WEAPON_HAND], slots[WieldLocation.SHIELD_HAND]]
slots[WieldLocation.WEAPON_HAND] = slots[WieldLocation.SHIELD_HAND] = None
slots[use_slot] = obj
elif use_slot in (WieldLocation.WEAPON_HAND, WieldLocation.SHIELD_HAND):
# can't keep a two-handed weapon if adding a one-handed weapon or shield
to_backpack = [slots[WieldLocation.TWO_HANDS]]
slots[WieldLocation.TWO_HANDS] = None
slots[use_slot] = obj
elif use_slot is WieldLocation.BACKPACK:
# it belongs in backpack, so goes back to it
to_backpack = [obj]
else:
# for others (body, head), just replace whatever's there
replaced = [obj]
slots[use_slot] = obj
for to_backpack_obj in to_backpack:
# put stuff in backpack
slots[use_slot].append(to_backpack_obj)
# store new state
self._save()
Here we remember that every EvAdventureObject has an inventory_use_slot property that tells us where it goes. So we just need to move the object to that slot, replacing whatever is in that place from before. Anything we replace goes back to the backpack.
5.7. Get everything¶
In order to visualize our inventory, we need some method to get everything we are carrying.
# mygame/evadventure/equipment.py
from .enums import WieldLocation, Ability
# ...
class EquipmentHandler:
# ...
def all(self):
"""
Get all objects in inventory, regardless of location.
"""
slots = self.slots
lst = [
(slots[WieldLocation.WEAPON_HAND], WieldLocation.WEAPON_HAND),
(slots[WieldLocation.SHIELD_HAND], WieldLocation.SHIELD_HAND),
(slots[WieldLocation.TWO_HANDS], WieldLocation.TWO_HANDS),
(slots[WieldLocation.BODY], WieldLocation.BODY),
(slots[WieldLocation.HEAD], WieldLocation.HEAD),
] + [(item, WieldLocation.BACKPACK) for item in slots[WieldLocation.BACKPACK]]
return lst
Here we get all the equipment locations and add their contents together into a list of tuples
[(item, WieldLocation), ...]. This is convenient for display.
5.8. Weapon and armor¶
It’s convenient to have the EquipmentHandler easily tell you what weapon is currently wielded and what armor level all worn equipment provides. Otherwise you’d need to figure out what item is in which wield-slot and to add up armor slots manually every time you need to know.
# mygame/evadventure/equipment.py
from .enums import WieldLocation, Ability
from .objects import get_bare_hand
# ...
class EquipmentHandler:
# ...
@property
def armor(self):
slots = self.slots
return sum(
(
# armor is listed using its defense, so we remove 10 from it
# (11 is base no-armor value in Knave)
getattr(slots[WieldLocation.BODY], "armor", 1),
# shields and helmets are listed by their bonus to armor
getattr(slots[WieldLocation.SHIELD_HAND], "armor", 0),
getattr(slots[WieldLocation.HEAD], "armor", 0),
)
)
@property
def weapon(self):
# first checks two-handed wield, then one-handed; the two
# should never appear simultaneously anyhow (checked in `move` method).
slots = self.slots
weapon = slots[WieldLocation.TWO_HANDS]
if not weapon:
weapon = slots[WieldLocation.WEAPON_HAND]
# if we still don't have a weapon, we return None here
if not weapon:
~ weapon = get_bare_hands()
return weapon
In the .armor() method we get the item (if any) out of each relevant wield-slot (body, shield, head), and grab their armor Attribute. We then sum() them all up.
In .weapon(), we simply check which of the possible weapon slots (weapon-hand or two-hands) have something in them. If not we fall back to the ‘Bare Hands’ object we created in the Object tutorial lesson earlier.
5.8.1. Fixing the Character class¶
So we have added our equipment handler which validate what we put in it. This will however lead to a problem when we create things like NPCs in game, e.g. with
create/drop monster:evadventure.npcs.EvAdventureNPC
The problem is that when the/ monster is created it will briefly appear in your inventory before being dropped, so this code will fire on you when you do that (assuming you are an EvAdventureCharacter):
# mygame/evadventure/characters.py
# ...
class EvAdventureCharacter(LivingMixin, DefaultCharacter):
# ...
def at_object_receive(self, moved_object, source_location, **kwargs):
"""
Called by Evennia when an object arrives 'in' the character.
"""
self.equipment.add(moved_object)
At this means that the equipmenthandler will check the NPC, and since it’s not a equippable thing, an EquipmentError will be raised, failing the creation. Since we want to be able to create npcs etc easily, we will handle this error with a try...except statement like so:
# mygame/evadventure/characters.py
# ...
from evennia import logger
from .equipment import EquipmentError
class EvAdventureCharacter(LivingMixin, DefaultCharacter):
# ...
def at_object_receive(self, moved_object, source_location, **kwargs):
"""
Called by Evennia when an object arrives 'in' the character.
"""
try:
self.equipment.add(moved_object)
except EquipmentError:
logger.log_trace()
Using Evennia’s logger.log_trace() we catch the error and direct it to the server log. This allows you to see if there are real errors here as well, but once things work and these errors are spammy, you can also just replace the logger.log_trace() line with a pass to hide these errors.
5.9. Extra credits¶
This covers the basic functionality of the equipment handler. There are other useful methods that can be added:
Given an item, figure out which equipment slot it is currently in
Make a string representing the current loadout
Get everything in the backpack (only)
Get all wieldable items (weapons, shields) from backpack
Get all usable items (items with a use-location of
BACKPACK) from the backpack
Experiment with adding those. A full example is found in evennia/contrib/tutorials/evadventure/equipment.py.
5.10. Unit Testing¶
Create a new module
mygame/evadventure/tests/test_equipment.py.
To test the EquipmentHandler, easiest is create an EvAdventureCharacter (this should by now
have EquipmentHandler available on itself as .equipment) and a few test objects; then test
passing these into the handler’s methods.
# mygame/evadventure/tests/test_equipment.py
from evennia.utils import create
from evennia.utils.test_resources import BaseEvenniaTest
from ..objects import EvAdventureObject, EvAdventureHelmet, EvAdventureWeapon
from ..enums import WieldLocation
from ..characters import EvAdventureCharacter
class TestEquipment(BaseEvenniaTest):
def setUp(self):
self.character = create.create_object(EvAdventureCharacter, key='testchar')
self.helmet = create.create_object(EvAdventureHelmet, key="helmet")
self.weapon = create.create_object(EvAdventureWeapon, key="weapon")
def test_add_remove):
self.character.equipment.add(self.helmet)
self.assertEqual(
self.character.equipment.slots[WieldLocation.BACKPACK],
[self.helmet]
)
self.character.equipment.remove(self.helmet)
self.assertEqual(self.character.equipment.slots[WieldLocation.BACKPACK], [])
# ...
5.11. Summary¶
Handlers are useful for grouping functionality together. Now that we spent our time making the EquipmentHandler, we shouldn’t need to worry about item-slots anymore - the handler ‘handles’ all the details for us. As long as we call its methods, the details can be forgotten about.
We also learned to use hooks to tie Knave’s custom equipment handling into Evennia.
With Characters, Objects and now Equipment in place, we should be able to move on to character generation - where players get to make their own character!