# Tutorial for basic MUSH like game¶

This tutorial lets you code a small but complete and functioning MUSH-like game in Evennia. A MUSH is, for our purposes, a class of roleplay-centric games focused on free form storytelling. Even if you are not interested in MUSH:es, this is still a good first game-type to try since it’s not so code heavy. You will be able to use the same principles for building other types of games.

The tutorial starts from scratch. If you did the First Steps Coding tutorial already you should have some ideas about how to do some of the steps already.

The following are the (very simplistic and cut-down) features we will implement (this was taken from a feature request from a MUSH user new to Evennia). A Character in this system should:

• Have a “Power” score from 1 to 10 that measures how strong they are (stand-in for the stat system).

• Have a command (e.g. +setpower 4) that sets their power (stand-in for character generation code).

• Have a command (e.g. +attack) that lets them roll their power and produce a “Combat Score” between 1 and 10*Power, displaying the result and editing their object to record this number (stand-in for +actions in the command code).

• Have a command that displays everyone in the room and what their most recent “Combat Score” roll was (stand-in for the combat code).

• Have a command (e.g. +createNPC Jenkins) that creates an NPC with full abilities.

• Have a command to control NPCs, such as +npc/cmd (name)=(command) (stand-in for the NPC controlling code).

In this tutorial we will assume you are starting from an empty database without any previous modifications.

## Server Settings¶

To emulate a MUSH, the default MULTISESSION_MODE=0 is enough (one unique session per account/character). This is the default so you don’t need to change anything. You will still be able to puppet/unpuppet objects you have permission to, but there is no character selection out of the box in this mode.

We will assume our game folder is called mygame henceforth. You should be fine with the default SQLite3 database.

## Creating the Character¶

First thing is to choose how our Character class works. We don’t need to define a special NPC object – an NPC is after all just a Character without an Account currently controlling them.

Make your changes in the mygame/typeclasses/characters.py file:

# mygame/typeclasses/characters.py

from evennia import DefaultCharacter

class Character(DefaultCharacter):
"""
[...]
"""
def at_object_creation(self):
"This is called when object is first created, only."
self.db.power = 1
self.db.combat_score = 1


We defined two new Attributes power and combat_score and set them to default values. Make sure to @reload the server if you had it already running (you need to reload every time you update your python code, don’t worry, no accounts will be disconnected by the reload).

Note that only new characters will see your new Attributes (since the at_object_creation hook is called when the object is first created, existing Characters won’t have it). To update yourself, run

 @typeclass/force self


This resets your own typeclass (the /force switch is a safety measure to not do this accidentally), this means that at_object_creation is re-run.

 examine self


Under the “Persistent attributes” heading you should now find the new Attributes power and score set on yourself by at_object_creation. If you don’t, first make sure you @reloaded into the new code, next look at your server log (in the terminal/console) to see if there were any syntax errors in your code that may have stopped your new code from loading correctly.

## Character Generation¶

We assume in this example that Accounts first connect into a “character generation area”. Evennia also supports full OOC menu-driven character generation, but for this example, a simple start room is enough. When in this room (or rooms) we allow character generation commands. In fact, character generation commands will only be available in such rooms.

Note that this again is made so as to be easy to expand to a full-fledged game. With our simple example, we could simply set an is_in_chargen flag on the account and have the +setpower command check it. Using this method however will make it easy to add more functionality later.

What we need are the following:

• One character generation Command to set the “Power” on the Character.

• A chargen CmdSet to hold this command. Lets call it ChargenCmdset.

• A custom ChargenRoom type that makes this set of commands available to players in such rooms.

• One such room to test things in.

### The +setpower command¶

For this tutorial we will add all our new commands to mygame/commands/command.py but you could split your commands into multiple module if you prefered.

For this tutorial character generation will only consist of one Command to set the Character s “power” stat. It will be called on the following MUSH-like form:

 +setpower 4


Open command.py file. It contains documented empty templates for the base command and the “MuxCommand” type used by default in Evennia. We will use the plain Command type here, the MuxCommand class offers some extra features like stripping whitespace that may be useful - if so, just import from that instead.

Add the following to the end of the command.py file:

# end of command.py
from evennia import Command # just for clarity; already imported above

class CmdSetPower(Command):
"""
set the power of a character

Usage:
+setpower <1-10>

This sets the power of the current character. This can only be
used during character generation.
"""

key = "+setpower"
help_category = "mush"

def func(self):
"This performs the actual command"
errmsg = "You must supply a number between 1 and 10."
if not self.args:
self.caller.msg(errmsg)
return
try:
power = int(self.args)
except ValueError:
self.caller.msg(errmsg)
return
if not (1 <= power <= 10):
self.caller.msg(errmsg)
return
# at this point the argument is tested as valid. Let's set it.
self.caller.db.power = power
self.caller.msg("Your Power was set to %i." % power)


This is a pretty straightforward command. We do some error checking, then set the power on ourself. We use a help_category of “mush” for all our commands, just so they are easy to find and separate in the help list.

Save the file. We will now add it to a new CmdSet so it can be accessed (in a full chargen system you would of course have more than one command here).

Open mygame/commands/default_cmdsets.py and import your command.py module at the top. We also import the default CmdSet class for the next step:

from evennia import CmdSet
from commands import command


Next scroll down and define a new command set (based on the base CmdSet class we just imported at the end of this file, to hold only our chargen-specific command(s):

# end of default_cmdsets.py

class ChargenCmdset(CmdSet):
"""
This cmdset it used in character generation areas.
"""
key = "Chargen"
def at_cmdset_creation(self):
"This is called at initialization"


In the future you can add any number of commands to this cmdset, to expand your character generation system as you desire. Now we need to actually put that cmdset on something so it’s made available to users. We could put it directly on the Character, but that would make it available all the time. It’s cleaner to put it on a room, so it’s only available when players are in that room.

### Chargen areas¶

We will create a simple Room typeclass to act as a template for all our Chargen areas. Edit mygame/typeclasses/rooms.py next:

from commands.default_cmdsets import ChargenCmdset

# ...
# down at the end of rooms.py

class ChargenRoom(Room):
"""
This room class is used by character-generation rooms. It makes
the ChargenCmdset available.
"""
def at_object_creation(self):
"this is called only at first creation"


Note how new rooms created with this typeclass will always start with ChargenCmdset on themselves. Don’t forget the permanent=True keyword or you will lose the cmdset after a server reload. For more information about Command Sets and Commands, see the respective links.

### Testing chargen¶

First, make sure you have @reloaded the server (or use evennia reload from the terminal) to have your new python code added to the game. Check your terminal and fix any errors you see - the error traceback lists exactly where the error is found - look line numbers in files you have changed.

We can’t test things unless we have some chargen areas to test. Log into the game (you should at this point be using the new, custom Character class). Let’s dig a chargen area to test.

 @dig chargen:rooms.ChargenRoom = chargen,finish


If you read the help for @dig you will find that this will create a new room named chargen. The part after the : is the python-path to the Typeclass you want to use. Since Evennia will automatically try the typeclasses folder of our game directory, we just specify rooms.ChargenRoom, meaning it will look inside the module rooms.py for a class named ChargenRoom (which is what we created above). The names given after = are the names of exits to and from the room from your current location. You could also append aliases to each one name, such as chargen;character generation.

So in summary, this will create a new room of type ChargenRoom and open an exit chargen to it and an exit back here named finish. If you see errors at this stage, you must fix them in your code. @reload between fixes. Don’t continue until the creation seems to have worked okay.

 chargen


This should bring you to the chargen room. Being in there you should now have the +setpower command available, so test it out. When you leave (via the finish exit), the command will go away and trying +setpower should now give you a command-not-found error. Use ex me (as a privileged user) to check so the Power Attribute has been set correctly.

If things are not working, make sure your typeclasses and commands are free of bugs and that you have entered the paths to the various command sets and commands correctly. Check the logs or command line for tracebacks and errors.

## Combat System¶

We will add our combat command to the default command set, meaning it will be available to everyone at all times. The combat system consists of a +attack command to get how successful our attack is. We also change the default look command to display the current combat score.

### Attacking with the +attack command¶

Attacking in this simple system means rolling a random “combat score” influenced by the power stat set during Character generation:

> +attack
You +attack with a combat score of 12!


Go back to mygame/commands/command.py and add the command to the end like this:

import random

# ...

class CmdAttack(Command):
"""
issues an attack

Usage:
+attack

This will calculate a new combat score based on your Power.
Your combat score is visible to everyone in the same location.
"""
key = "+attack"
help_category = "mush"

def func(self):
"Calculate the random score between 1-10*Power"
caller = self.caller
power = caller.db.power
if not power:
# this can happen if caller is not of
# our custom Character typeclass
power = 1
combat_score = random.randint(1, 10 * power)
caller.db.combat_score = combat_score

# announce
message = "%s +attack%s with a combat score of %s!"
caller.msg(message % ("You", "", combat_score))
caller.location.msg_contents(message %
(caller.key, "s", combat_score),
exclude=caller)


What we do here is simply to generate a “combat score” using Python’s inbuilt random.randint() function. We then store that and echo the result to everyone involved.

To make the +attack command available to you in game, go back to mygame/commands/default_cmdsets.py and scroll down to the CharacterCmdSet class. At the correct place add this line:

self.add(command.CmdAttack())


@reload Evennia and the +attack command should be available to you. Run it and use e.g. @ex to make sure the combat_score attribute is saved correctly.

### Have “look” show combat scores¶

Players should be able to view all current combat scores in the room. We could do this by simply adding a second command named something like +combatscores, but we will instead let the default look command do the heavy lifting for us and display our scores as part of its normal output, like this:

>  look Tom
Tom (combat score: 3)
This is a great warrior.


We don’t actually have to modify the look command itself however. To understand why, take a look at how the default look is actually defined. It sits in evennia/commands/default/general.py (or browse it online here). You will find that the actual return text is done by the look command calling a hook method named return_appearance on the object looked at. All the look does is to echo whatever this hook returns. So what we need to do is to edit our custom Character typeclass and overload its return_appearance to return what we want (this is where the advantage of having a custom typeclass comes into play for real).

Go back to your custom Character typeclass in mygame/typeclasses/characters.py. The default implementation of return appearance is found in evennia.DefaultCharacter (or online here). If you want to make bigger changes you could copy & paste the whole default thing into our overloading method. In our case the change is small though:

class Character(DefaultCharacter):
"""
[...]
"""
def at_object_creation(self):
"This is called when object is first created, only."
self.db.power = 1
self.db.combat_score = 1

def return_appearance(self, looker):
"""
The return from this method is what
looker sees when looking at this object.
"""
text = super().return_appearance(looker)
cscore = " (combat score: %s)" % self.db.combat_score
if "\n" in text:
# text is multi-line, add score after first line
first_line, rest = text.split("\n", 1)
text = first_line + cscore + "\n" + rest
else:
# text is only one line; add score to end
text += cscore
return text


What we do is to simply let the default return_appearance do its thing (super will call the parent’s version of the same method). We then split out the first line of this text, append our combat_score and put it back together again.

@reload the server and you should be able to look at other Characters and see their current combat scores.

Note: A potentially more useful way to do this would be to overload the entire return_appearance of the Rooms of your mush and change how they list their contents; in that way one could see all combat scores of all present Characters at the same time as looking at the room. We leave this as an exercise.

## NPC system¶

Here we will re-use the Character class by introducing a command that can create NPC objects. We should also be able to set its Power and order it around.

There are a few ways to define the NPC class. We could in theory create a custom typeclass for it and put a custom NPC-specific cmdset on all NPCs. This cmdset could hold all manipulation commands. Since we expect NPC manipulation to be a common occurrence among the user base however, we will instead put all relevant NPC commands in the default command set and limit eventual access with Permissions and Locks.

### Creating an NPC with +createNPC¶

We need a command for creating the NPC, this is a very straightforward command:

> +createnpc Anna
You created the NPC 'Anna'.


At the end of command.py, create our new command:

from evennia import create_object

class CmdCreateNPC(Command):
"""
create a new npc

Usage:
+createNPC <name>

Creates a new, named NPC. The NPC will start with a Power of 1.
"""
key = "+createnpc"
aliases = ["+createNPC"]
locks = "call:not perm(nonpcs)"
help_category = "mush"

def func(self):
"creates the object and names it"
caller = self.caller
if not self.args:
caller.msg("Usage: +createNPC <name>")
return
if not caller.location:
# may not create npc when OOC
caller.msg("You must have a location to create an npc.")
return
name = self.args.strip().capitalize()
# create npc in caller's location
npc = create_object("characters.Character",
key=name,
location=caller.location,
locks="edit:id(%i) and perm(Builders);call:false()" % caller.id)
# announce
message = "%s created the NPC '%s'."
caller.msg(message % ("You", name))
caller.location.msg_contents(message % (caller.key, name),
exclude=caller)


Here we define a +createnpc (+createNPC works too) that is callable by everyone not having the nonpcspermission” (in Evennia, a “permission” can just as well be used to block access, it depends on the lock we define). We create the NPC object in the caller’s current location, using our custom Character typeclass to do so.

We set an extra lock condition on the NPC, which we will use to check who may edit the NPC later – we allow the creator to do so, and anyone with the Builders permission (or higher). See Locks for more information about the lock system.

Note that we just give the object default permissions (by not specifying the permissions keyword to the create_object() call). In some games one might want to give the NPC the same permissions as the Character creating them, this might be a security risk though.

Add this command to your default cmdset the same way you did the +attack command earlier. @reload and it will be available to test.

### Editing the NPC with +editNPC¶

Since we re-used our custom character typeclass, our new NPC already has a Power value - it defaults to 1. How do we change this?

There are a few ways we can do this. The easiest is to remember that the power attribute is just a simple Attribute stored on the NPC object. So as a Builder or Admin we could set this right away with the default @set command:

 @set mynpc/power = 6


The @set command is too generally powerful though, and thus only available to staff. We will add a custom command that only changes the things we want players to be allowed to change. We could in principle re-work our old +setpower command, but let’s try something more useful. Let’s make a +editNPC command.

> +editNPC Anna/power = 10
Set Anna's property 'power' to 10.


This is a slightly more complex command. It goes at the end of your command.py file as before.

class CmdEditNPC(Command):
"""
edit an existing NPC

Usage:
+editnpc <name>[/<attribute> [= value]]

Examples:
+editnpc mynpc/power = 5
+editnpc mynpc/power    - displays power value
+editnpc mynpc          - shows all editable
attributes and values

This command edits an existing NPC. You must have
permission to edit the NPC to use this.
"""
key = "+editnpc"
aliases = ["+editNPC"]
locks = "cmd:not perm(nonpcs)"
help_category = "mush"

def parse(self):
"We need to do some parsing here"
args = self.args
propname, propval = None, None
if "=" in args:
args, propval = [part.strip() for part in args.rsplit("=", 1)]
if "/" in args:
args, propname = [part.strip() for part in args.rsplit("/", 1)]
# store, so we can access it below in func()
self.name = args
self.propname = propname
# a propval without a propname is meaningless
self.propval = propval if propname else None

def func(self):
"do the editing"

allowed_propnames = ("power", "attribute1", "attribute2")

caller = self.caller
if not self.args or not self.name:
caller.msg("Usage: +editnpc name[/propname][=propval]")
return
npc = caller.search(self.name)
if not npc:
return
if not npc.access(caller, "edit"):
caller.msg("You cannot change this NPC.")
return
if not self.propname:
# this means we just list the values
output = f"Properties of {npc.key}:"
for propname in allowed_propnames:
output += f"\n {propname} = {npc.attributes.get(propname, default='N/A')}"
caller.msg(output)
elif self.propname not in allowed_propnames:
caller.msg(f"You may only change {', '.join(allowed_propnames)}.")
elif self.propval:
# assigning a new propvalue
# in this example, the properties are all integers...
intpropval = int(self.propval)
caller.msg(f"Set {npc.key}'s property {self.propname} to {self.propval}")
else:
# propname set, but not propval - show current value
caller.msg(f"{npc.key} has property {self.propname} = {npc.attributes.get(self.propname,
default='N/A')}")


This command example shows off the use of more advanced parsing but otherwise it’s mostly error checking. It searches for the given npc in the same room, and checks so the caller actually has permission to “edit” it before continuing. An account without the proper permission won’t even be able to view the properties on the given NPC. It’s up to each game if this is the way it should be.

Add this to the default command set like before and you should be able to try it out.

Note: If you wanted a player to use this command to change an on-object property like the NPC’s name (the key property), you’d need to modify the command since “key” is not an Attribute (it is not retrievable via npc.attributes.get but directly via npc.key). We leave this as an optional exercise.

### Making the NPC do stuff - the +npc command¶

Finally, we will make a command to order our NPC around. For now, we will limit this command to only be usable by those having the “edit” permission on the NPC. This can be changed if it’s possible for anyone to use the NPC.

The NPC, since it inherited our Character typeclass has access to most commands a player does. What it doesn’t have access to are Session and Player-based cmdsets (which means, among other things that they cannot chat on channels, but they could do that if you just added those commands). This makes the +npc command simple:

+npc Anna = say Hello!
Anna says, 'Hello!'


Again, add to the end of your command.py module:

class CmdNPC(Command):
"""
controls an NPC

Usage:
+npc <name> = <command>

This causes the npc to perform a command as itself. It will do so
with its own permissions and accesses.
"""
key = "+npc"
locks = "call:not perm(nonpcs)"
help_category = "mush"

def parse(self):
"Simple split of the = sign"
name, cmdname = None, None
if "=" in self.args:
name, cmdname = self.args.rsplit("=", 1)
name = name.strip()
cmdname = cmdname.strip()
self.name, self.cmdname = name, cmdname

def func(self):
"Run the command"
caller = self.caller
if not self.cmdname:
caller.msg("Usage: +npc <name> = <command>")
return
npc = caller.search(self.name)
if not npc:
return
if not npc.access(caller, "edit"):
caller.msg("You may not order this NPC to do anything.")
return
# send the command order
npc.execute_cmd(self.cmdname)
caller.msg(f"You told {npc.key} to do '{self.cmdname}'.")


Note that if you give an erroneous command, you will not see any error message, since that error will be returned to the npc object, not to you. If you want players to see this, you can give the caller’s session ID to the execute_cmd call, like this:

npc.execute_cmd(self.cmdname, sessid=self.caller.sessid)


Another thing to remember is however that this is a very simplistic way to control NPCs. Evennia supports full puppeting very easily. An Account (assuming the “puppet” permission was set correctly) could simply do @ic mynpc and be able to play the game “as” that NPC. This is in fact just what happens when an Account takes control of their normal Character as well.

## Concluding remarks¶

This ends the tutorial. It looks like a lot of text but the amount of code you have to write is actually relatively short. At this point you should have a basic skeleton of a game and a feel for what is involved in coding your game.

From here on you could build a few more ChargenRooms and link that to a bigger grid. The +setpower command can either be built upon or accompanied by many more to get a more elaborate character generation.

The simple “Power” game mechanic should be easily expandable to something more full-fledged and useful, same is true for the combat score principle. The +attack could be made to target a specific player (or npc) and automatically compare their relevant attributes to determine a result.

To continue from here, you can take a look at the Tutorial World. For more specific ideas, see the other tutorials and hints as well as the Developer Central.